CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory responses are tightly interconnected in atherosclerosis, where injured endothelial cells promote tissue repair by expressing inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Interleukin-8(IL-8), selectins, chemokines, and adhesion molecules such as Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1).