INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: T1DM involves theautoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.Specifically, the immune system’s CD4+ and CD8+ T cells target and destroy thesecells, while macrophages infiltrate and damage the pancreatic islets.Insufficient insulin secretion results from the autoimmune destruction ofpancreatic β-cells, leading to various metabolic disorders associatedwith T1DM [44].