TGFB1 and neoplasm: Previously, TAMs were classified into M1 and M2 types, with M1 TAMs enhancing anti-tumor immunity by secreting anti-inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-12 and TNF-α), and M2 TAMs inhibiting the immune response by secreting pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β) and angiogenic factors like VEGF, promoting tumor growth and metastasis [83, 84].