MTOR and cerebral cavernous malformation: CCM1, CCM2, CCM3, MAP3K3, and PIK3CA genes mediate CCM pathogenesis by regulating the RhoA–ROCK, MAP3K3–KLF2/4, and PIK3CA–AKT–mTOR pathways, affecting processes such as cell migration, intercellular junctions, cell proliferation, inflammation, autophagy, EndMT, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.