The first phase III clinical trial to compare efficacy and safety of afatinib versus chemotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC patients with uncommon EGFR mutations indicated that patients in the afatinib group had significantly longer mPFS compared with patients in the chemotherapy group with similar ≥ 3 grade AEs incidence rates in both groups (mPFS 10.6 vs. 5.7 months, p = 0.0007; ORR 61.4% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.2069) [28]. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.