There were 4 biomarkers, namely CCL11, BAFF, HGF and MMP9, which were significantly elevated in both urine (3.77x, 2.21x, 2.8x, 11.5x, respectively) and serum (1.54x, 1.20x, 1.58x, 2.48x, respectively) samples from IC/BPS patients compared to controls. This evidence concerns the gene MMP9 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.