APEX1 and diabetic retinopathy: We further examined whether chemical inhibitors of Apex1 would suppress the induction of EAE, focusing specifically on APX3330, a highly selective inhibitor of Apex1 redox functions with proven efficacy in diabetic retinopathy and anticancer activities (28, 29), and methoxyamine hydrochloride (MH), which is known to covalently bind to A/P sites, preventing Apex1 from installing new DNA nucleotides (30).