SEMA4A and cancer: In anti-tumor immunity, research involving human samples and murine models suggests that Sema4A expressed in cancer cells and regulatory T cells promotes tumor progression (Delgoffe et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2016), while other reports reveal that Sema4A in cancer cells and dendritic cells bolsters anti-tumor immunity by enhancing CD8 T cell activity (Naito et al., 2023a; Suga et al., 2021).