Since the development of PC is closely related to smoking, and AKR1B10 can be activated by tobacco-associated oncogenic transcription factors (66, 67), it has been hypothesized that AKR1B10 expression is upregulated in human PC, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) results (68, 69). This evidence concerns the gene AKR1B10 and pachyonychia congenita.