INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: A variety of drugs were employed in the prevention and treatment of IR, including insulin, sulfonylureas (such as carbutamide and tolbutamide), biguanides (such as metformin, phenformin, and buformin), thiazolidinediones, incretins, sodium/glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and adipose and anti-obesity agents aimed at reducing weight (17).