NPPB and hydrops fetalis: SM, as one of the most commonly used botanical drugs in TCM for treating HF, has its active metabolites similarly confirmed by various studies to further improve ejection fraction, reduce N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, and exhibit positive therapeutic effects on HF (Chen et al., 2014; Chung et al., 2018; Li et al., 2023).