TNF and Alzheimer disease: Others have reported that AD-16 was able to reduce IL-1β expression induced by LPS in vivo (Sun et al., 2020), restore IL-4 and IL-6 levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (Zhou et al., 2016), and reduce IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the brain of ischemic mice (Zhang et al., 2024).