,12 PD-L1 expression in early and advanced stage NSCLC seems to be prognostic for poor survival in patients treated without an ICI-based strategy.38, 39, 40 Conversely, across all disease stages, an increased PD-L1 expression is generally associated with improved survival outcomes after treatment with ICI; PD-L1 is currently the only predictive biomarker used in clinical guidelines.41 This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.