CCN2 and Hepatic fibrosis: Melatonin can increase GPx activity and reduce serum markers of liver fibrosis, including hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyproline (HYP), and laminin (LN), thereby alleviating CCl4-induced liver dysfunction and fibrosis in rats (123).Additionally, melatonin reduces the expression of collagen I and III, TGF-β, PDGF, CTGF, doublecortin-like kinase, and phosphorylated Smad3, as well as MMP-9 activity, while increasing Nrf2 expression.