TNF and neoplasm: M1 macrophages express Type I cytokines with an anti-tumor effect, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-6; M2 macrophages express Type II cytokines, which inhibit T cell-mediated anti-tumor response, such as IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (Biswas and Mantovani, 2010).