ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AKI, acute kidney injury; ASD, atrial septal defect; AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; CHD, congenital heart disease; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; Cr, creatinine; DS, Down syndrome; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICR, intracardiac repair; ICU, intensive care unit; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; NS, not significant; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; VSD, ventricular septal defect. Here, ACE is linked to ventricular septal defect.