The two-year MAGNIFY-MS study, in which patients with active RMS were treated with cladribine, showed that long-term reductions in proinflammatory B-cell cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6+) and T-cell cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma) paired with increases in anti-inflammatory T-cell cytokines (IL-4+) led to the re-establishment of immune tolerance required for long-term MS control. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.