In this model, biomarkers such as sex, hypertension, homocysteine levels, neutrophil-to-HDL ratio (NHR), history of stroke, and albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio were incorporated, all of which have been shown to correlate significantly with the occurrence of CMBs (Cao et al., 2021; Dobrynina et al., 2018; Casimir and Duchateau, 2011; Koep et al., 2023; Guo et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Shoamanesh et al., 2015). Here, ALB is linked to Hypertension.