By supplementing rats on HFD with probiotic preparations (Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Lactobacillus reuteri), it was observed that plasma concentrations of LPS and IL-1β were reduced, inflammatory indices decreased, and resulted in improved insulin sensitivity and alleviation of obesity [167]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.