Compared to the NC group, the HSHF diet would induce an increase in levels of TLR4, NF-κB and COX-2 expression in NAFLD mice livers (P < 0.05, 0.01) (Fig. 8B–D, Fig. 9B) and promote the release of inflammation factors like IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05, 0.01) (Fig. 8E–G). Here, IL1B is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.