KEAP1 and viral infectious disease: For example, itaconation on KEAP1 blocks the KEAP1-mediated degradation of Nrf2, allowing the translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and the induction of antioxidant genes expression.6 Up to now, more crucial itaconation target proteins have been identified, which are widely involved in immune regulation,9,10 antioxidant response,6 cell death11–13 and glucose metabolism.14,15 However, the identification of itaconation target proteins in viral infection remains limited.