This work highlights key aspects from the literature on the incidence, clinical presentation, and conventional MRI findings for multiple sclerosis (MS), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD), autoimmune encephalitis, and febrile-infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). This evidence concerns the gene MOG and myeloid sarcoma.