However, the reduction in resistance to imidacloprid after the pre-exposure of mosquitoes to DEM and the improvement in sensitivity with DEF indicate the involvement of glutathione S-transferases and esterases in the resistance of malaria vectors to this insecticide, as previous studies have already reported on the role of detoxification enzymes in the resistance mechanisms of Anopheles to neonicotinoids [28,45,57]. Here, HPGDS is linked to malaria.