PD-associated factors, including key gene mutations [α-synuclein (SNCA), Parkin, protein deglycase DJ-1, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)] and neurotoxins (rotenone, methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) can contribute in microglia and astrocyte activation [149]. The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.