CDH1 and hypospadias: 1. DBP exposure increased IP3R expression, raising intracellular calcium levels in urethral epithelial cells2. Increased epithelial markers (E-cadherin, β-Catenin) in the genital tubercle of males with hypospadias, and decreased mesenchymal markers (Snail, N-cadherin), inhibiting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and contributing to the development of hypospadias