1. Maternal exposure to DBP led to a 10.9% incidence of anorectal malformations combined with hypospadias in the male offspring2. Reduced expression of AR, which decreased the expression of androgen-related genes (Shh and Fgf10), which resulted in abnormal expression of downstream factors (Gli2, Gli3, Bmp4, Wnt5a, Hoxa13, Hoxd13, Fgfr2) in the terminal rectum and genital tubercle. Here, BMP4 is linked to hypospadias.