At present, scientists have found that mutations in more than 20 genes are associated with the pathogenesis of NS, specifically including PTPN11, SOS1, SOS2, KRAS, NRAS, RIT1, RRAS, RASA1, RASA2, MRAS, RAF1, BRAF, MAP2K1, MAP3K8, SHOC2, PPP1CB, SPRY1, LZTR1, MYST4, A2ML1, SPRED2, and CBL, etc., of which LZTR1 and SPRED2 are inherited in autosomal recessive inheritance (Chen et al., 2024). Here, RAF1 is linked to Netherton syndrome.