SMAD3 and neoplasm: The activation of two pathways, TGF-β and IL-4/IL-13, play important roles in malignant behaviors such as tumor cell growth, migration, and immune response; therefore, by investigating the phosphorylation levels of Smad3 and STAT6 (Zeng et al., 2024; Hu et al., 2024), it is possible to further understand whether EBI3 can have an effect on the presence of melanoma through these pathways.