In the intestinal epithelium, exosomes from H. pylori-positive individuals increase levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 12 (NLRP12), which suppresses the expression of chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, thereby alleviating colitis symptoms (105). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and colitis.