TNF and neoplasm: Despite ongoing controversies surrounding the application of MSCs in cancer treatment, evidence suggests that MSCs and their extracellular vesicles, which are engineered to overexpress anti-tumor genes (such as suicide genes, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, and interferons) or are modified to deliver oncolytic viruses, nanoparticles, and anti-cancer drugs, can actively target tumor tissues and exert anti-tumor effects (40).