Wound healing and Transwell migration assays revealed that SPP1-NC + rhTNF-α, SPP1-NC + rhIL-1β, SPP1 + rhTNF-α + rhIL-1β, SPP1-KD + rhTNF-α or SPP1-KD + rhIL-1β treatment strongly accelerated the migration of these cells, whereas VGX-1027 treatment considerably slowed the migration of HNSCC cells (Fig. 4G, H; Supplementary Fig. S5G, H). The gene discussed is SPP1; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.