Similarly, rhTNF-α and rhIL-1β promoted HNSCC cell growth when cultured with SPP1-KD cells (Fig. 4E, F; Supplementary Fig. S5E, F), which indicated that the functions of TNF-α and IL-1β differed from those of SPP1 in SPP1 + Macs. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.