GIPR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: GIPR–GLP-1R coagonists such as TZP are now approved for T2D and obesity, retatrutide — the GIPR-biased triple agonist— is in phase 3 clinical trials (41) and the GIPR antagonist-GLP-1RA, AMG-133, is also being studied in phase 2/3 trials (2, 4); therefore, understanding how gain and loss of GIPR signaling in different tissue compartments modifies the response to gut injury may have translational relevance.