INS and diabetes mellitus: 43 male Wistar rats, aged 12 weeks, were divided into control (n = 17) and diabetic (n = 18) groups, with 8 rats receiving insulin treatment. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal alloxan injection at a dosage of 42 mg/kg. Implants were placed before diabetes induction, and the effects were assessed 10 days post-implantation. This setup offers a comprehensive model to investigate the impact of diabetes and insulin treatment on various physiological parameters in rats