INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Male Wistar rats, each 12 weeks old, were divided into three groups with 12 rats per group, totaling 36 rats. These rats were used to model T1DM, which was induced using a single dose of 60 mg/kg Streptozocin administered before implant placement. Insulin was used as the medication for managing diabetes in these rats. The timing of diabetes induction and subsequent implant placement was carefully controlled, with diabetes being induced prior to the placement of any implants