INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Sprague-Dawley rats, a total of 152 animals were divided into diabetic and healthy groups, with 60 rats induced with T1DM through 60 mg/kg Streptozocin injection before implant placement. Among the diabetic cohort, 32 rats received insulin treatment, but the specific details regarding the sex, and age of the rats was not specified. The induction of diabetes preceded the implant placement, indicating a controlled experimental design, with ongoing insulin therapy administered to maintain diabetic conditions throughout the study