In a palmitic acid (PA)-induced model of insulin-resistant diabetic nephropathy (DN), prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) ameliorated AKI by upregulating autophagy-mediated fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), inhibiting excessive autophagy, and attenuating insulin resistance (Wei et al., 2018). Here, FGF21 is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.