ALB and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: No statistical differences were observed between the two groups concerning baseline characteristics such as age, sex, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, BMI, medical history of renal insufficiency, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, cardiac insufficiency, coronary artery disease, fracture type, anesthesia method, surgery type, ASA grade, intraoperative blood loss, HCT, hs-TNI, NT-proBNP, albumin, NLR on admission, preoperative HCT, or preoperative LVEF.