Immunohistochemical testing found p‐JNK, c‐Jun, JunD, and AP‐1 to be present in 70%, 72.5%, 80%, and 62.5% of HCC cells [102]; while in hepatocytes these genes may show tumour‐suppressive effects, in nonparenchymal cells, they also contribute to an inflammatory environment that supports HCC development [103]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and hepatocellular carcinoma.