Broadly similar results in these animal and cellular experiments were seen to those in clinical trials suggesting protective effects of combined-n-3 PUFAs on pathologic changes in asthma, with a reduction in airway responsiveness (99), reduction in remodeling (100) and attenuation of eosinophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis (101) etc. Inflammatory cytokines, important in asthma, were generally decreased by n-3 PUFAs, particularly the Th2-type cytokines IL-5, IL-13 (98, 103) and those produced by Th1/Th17 cells such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 (100). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and asthma.