TNF and Cowden syndrome 1: ,10,30, 31, 32, 33 Inflammatory cytokines and downstream pro-inflammatory targets such as various interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, thrombomodulin, vascular adhesion molecules, circulating neutrophils, and complement are elevated in CS (particularly AMI-CS) and confer an increased risk of mortality.10