TGFB1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Following NEC challenge, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma [IFNγ], interleukin (IL)17, IL1β, IL22, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα]) increased, while the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) decreased, in HIF-1αloxP/loxP mice compared to controls (Figure 5D–J).