PDCD1 and lung carcinoma: Although these outcomes may be improved by immune checkpoint blockade therapy involving the disruption of the binding of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1, also known as CD279) on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B7-H1 or CD274) on tumor and tumor-associated cells, most lung cancer patients still fail the therapy, with a response rate of only about 20% (Doroshow et al., 2019).