DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: In DMD, the absence of functional dystrophin, and subsequent disassembly of the DAPC, results in high susceptibility of the sarcolemma to contraction-induced injury causing an increase of calcium (Ca2+) influx into dystrophic fibers, protease activation and free radical formation as well as loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) membrane localization and consequent impairment of nitric oxide (NO) signaling (Allen et al., 2016).