Hypoxia-induced HIF-1α also induces expression of CXCR4 – the receptor for the lymphocyte chemokine (and pro-angiogenic) CXCL12; thus, HIF-1α maintains both the influx of potentially host-protective immune cells to granulomas and the viability of these cells (164, 165). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and Granuloma.