Tregs were more commonly present in cavities than in the lipoid pneumonia or granulomas of human post-primary TB in the lungs (33) Within granuloma-infiltrating T cells of both Mtb-infected mice and rhesus macaques, TGFβ signaling antagonized activity of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells and impaired control of Mtb (83). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and tuberculosis.