TGFB1 and gastric cancer: SMAD3, phosphorylated by TGF-β, translocates to the nucleus, binding to the TGILR promoter and promoting its transcription; TGILR sustains TARBP2 protein stability, hastening TARBP2-mediated degradation of miR-1306 and miR-33a, and upregulating TCF4, thereby advancing gastric cancer progression (59).