PTEN and polycystic ovary syndrome: A research study discovered that the endometrium of women with PCOS and EC showed a significant increase in the expression of IGF1, IGFBP1, and PTEN genes compared to controls, regardless of factors such as body mass index, waist-hip ratio, or systemic measurements of insulin resistance using HOMA-IR (Shafiee, Seedhouse & Mongan, 2016).