IFNA1 and COVID-19: We also investigated the association between variants in additional 13 genes of type I interferon (IFN) immunity, for which a recent study estimated a joint odds ratio of 3.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–8.6] for having life-threatening COVID-19 when carrying heterozygous pLoF variants in these 13 genes [20] (reported allele frequency of pLoF variants within the 13 genes: 0.004).