CXCL12 and glioblastoma: Further, our results showed that, under dynamic culture conditions with a flow rate of 0.5 μL/min, rat F98 GBM cells, a well-known tumor model [35], displayed migratory behavior, notably enhanced in the presence of CXCL12, both with and against the flow direction, suggesting that the chemoattractant facilitates bidirectional cell migration.