CASP3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: In esophageal cancer research using human ESCC cell lines (EC1 and KYSE450 ESCC), it was shown that luteolin was able to induce apoptosis and caspase-3 activation as well as induce cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, where in vivo tests on model mice injected with EC1 showed a decrease in mass tumours in the luteolin treatment group [264].