TLR4 and bacterial infectious disease: In addition, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a chemical component of propolis, inhibit TLR4 signaling and NFkb (Oršolić & Jazvinšćak Jembrek, 2022; Pahlavani et al., 2020), suggesting that the use of both EEP and AEP would be relevant therapeutic strategies to modulate inflammatory processes induced by bacterial infection.