PIK3CA and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Though studies in epidemiology have clearly demonstrated that cigarette smoke (CS) exposure contributes to the risk of NSCLC (Hecht, 1999), and many studies have focused on identifying specific targets for NSCLC, such as PIK3CA (Yamamoto et al., 2008), PDGFRA (Ramos et al., 2009), EPHA2 (Psilopatis et al., 2022), etc., the precise etiology and pathogenesis remain elusive.