Although WT1-CTLs demonstrated cytotoxicity against multiple clinically relevant populations of AML cells, this study was designed to investigate a possible means of addressing the challenge of high leukemic burden that can reduce CTL efficacy - a significant barrier in prior clinical studies of ETC/TCR approaches for AML as well as for non-AML T-cell based therapeutic approaches (such as for CD19 bispecific and CAR-T treatments) (13, 69, 70). This evidence concerns the gene WT1 and acute myeloid leukemia.