The WT1-specific CTLs utilized in this study demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against high-risk AML populations that typically are more resistant to conventional therapy with chemotherapy and/or VEN, including against TP53-mutated cells (THP-1), PTPN11-mutated or RAS-mutated cells (THP-1, OCI-AML3, multiple primary samples), and primary samples with inv(3) cytogenetics (38, 65, 66). This evidence concerns the gene PTPN11 and acute myeloid leukemia.