MTOR and colorectal carcinoma: In CRC, bilirubin (BV) has been demonstrated to significantly increase the expression levels of IL-8 and VEGF-A by regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway, thereby promoting angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis [50].